Up to now, the cause of Bruce Lee's death is unknown, although numerous hypotheses have been put forward, from assassination by triad gangsters to the more recent suggestion in 2018 that he died from heatstroke (Table 1). Lee died at the age of 32 in Hong Kong on 20 July 1973, under mysterious circumstances. He returned to Hong Kong at the age of 29, where he became a writer, director, lead actor and fight scene choreographer. He popularized philosophical quotes, such as the one starting ‘Be water, my friend…’. Lee created his own combat method that he called Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist, which combined different training methods such as kung fu, fencing, boxing and philosophy. At age 26, he first appeared as a martial arts fighter on American television. At age 18, he returned to the United States where he studied drama and philosophy and opened a martial arts school. At age 13, he began learning martial arts. He returned with his parents to Hong Kong as an infant and worked as a child actor. He was born Lee Jun-fan on 27 November 1940, in San Francisco, California, while his opera singer father was touring the United States. He inspired millions of people and brought attention to martial arts in the Western world. In this regard, Lee had multiple risk factors for hyponatraemia that may have included high chronic fluid intake, factors that acutely increase thirst (marijuana) and factors that decrease the ability of the kidneys to excrete water by either promoting secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or interfering with water excretion mechanisms in kidney tubules: prescription drugs (diuretics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, antiepileptic drugs), alcohol, chronic low solute intake, a past history of acute kidney injury and exercise.īruce Lee was the most influential martial artist of all time. In other words, we propose that the kidney’s inability to excrete excess water killed Bruce Lee.
We now propose, based on an analysis of publicly available information, that the cause of death was cerebral oedema due to hyponatraemia. A prior episode was diagnosed as cerebral oedema 2 months earlier. The cause of death is unknown, although numerous hypotheses have been proposed, from assassination by gangsters to the more recent suggestion in 2018 that he died from heatstroke. Lee died at the age of 32 years in Hong Kong on 20 July 1973, under mysterious circumstances.
Bruce Lee brought attention to martial arts in the Western world and popularized the quote ‘Be water, my friend’.
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